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 Organic farming
 organic farming, sustainable agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers derived largely 
  from animal and  plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Modern organic farming was developed as a response to the 
  environmental harm caused by the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in conventional agriculture, and it
   has numerous ecological benefits.
History
 The concepts of organic agriculture were developed in the early 1900s by Sir Albert Howard, F.H. King, 
  Rudolf Steiner, and others who believed that the use of animal manures (often made into compost), cover crops, crop rotation,
 and biologically based pest controls resulted in a better farming system. 
Regulation
Organic agriculture is defined formally by governments. Farmers must be certified for their produce 
  and products to be labeled “organic,” and there are specific organic standards for crops, animals, and wild-crafted products 
  and for the processing of agricultural products. Organic standards in the European Union (EU) and the United States, for
   example, prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, ionizing radiation, sewage sludge, and genetically engineered
    plants or products. In the EU, organic certification and inspection is carried out by approved organic control bodies
     according to EU standards.Organic farming has been defined by the National Organic Standards of the U.S. Department 
     of Agriculture (USDA) since 2000, and there are many accredited organic certifiersacross the country.
Advantages of Organic Farming
 Economical: 
In organic farming, no expensive fertilisers, pesticides, or HYV seeds are required 
  for the plantation of  crops. Therefore, there is no extra expense.
 Good return on Investment:
 With the usage of cheaper and local inputs, a farmer can make a good return on investment.
High demand: 
There is a huge demand for organic products in India and across the globe, which generates more income through export.
 Nutritional:
 As compared to chemical and fertiliser-utilised products, organic products are more nutritional, tasty, and good for health.
Environment-friendly: 
The farming of organic products is free of chemicals and fertilisers, so it does not harm the environment.
 Disadvantages of Organic Farming
Incompetent:
 The major issue of organic farming is the lack of inadequate infrastructure and marketing of the product.
 Less production:
 
The products obtained through organic farming are less in the initial years as compared to that in chemical products.
   So, farmers find it difficult to accommodate large-scale production.
Shorter shelf life:
 Organic products have more flaws and a shorter shelf life than that of chemical products.
Limited production:
 Off-season crops are limited and have fewer options in organic farming.
 Types of Organic Farming
  Organic farming is divided into two types, namely:
 1.Integrated organic farming
 2.Pure organic farming
Pure Organic Farming

 As the name of this farming process suggests, it uses natural ways for cultivation. Pure organic farming completely
  avoids inorganic chemicals that may harm the  soil, crop, and people who consume it.In this process, farmers use 
  organic fertilizers and bio-pesticides derived from natural sources—for example- bone meal, blood meal, etc.

Integrated Organic Farming
The integrated farming process consists of integrating pest management and nutrients management to achieve ecological
   requirements and fulfill the economic demands also. Methods of Organic Farming 
Crop Rotation:
Crop rotation, planting a different crop on a particular piece of land each growing season, is required in organic
   crop production because it  is such a useful tool in preventing soil dis- eases, insect pests, weed problems, and
    for building healthy soils.

 Green Manure: 
Green manure is a type of organic fertilizer where an entire fresh plant or plant part (e.g.,. Leaf) is directly
   used as manure in agriculture lands, without any  prior decomposition or composting.

Compost:
A mass of rotted organic matter made from waste is called compost. The compost made from farm waste like sugarcane
   trash, paddy straw, weeds and other plants and other waste is called farm compost. 
 
Crop diversity:
  Diversity within a crop includes genetically-influenced attributes such as seed size, branching pattern, height,
   flower color, fruiting time, and flavor. Crops can also vary in less obvious characteristics such as their response
    to heat, cold, a drought, or their ability to resist specific diseases and pests.

Soil Management:
Organic farming recognises the soil as being central to a sustainable farming system. Soil fertility is determined
   by a set of interactions: Organic matter is essential  for soil fertility.It maintains good soil physical conditions 
   (e.g. soil structure, aeration and water holding capacity).
 
 
 Controlling pests Biologically:
Practices that are often compatible with biological control include cultural controls, crop rotation, insectary 
  plantings, trap crops, planting pest-resistant varieties, using approved insecticides with selective modes of 
  action, or spot treatments that leave untreated areas to serve as refuges for natural enemies.
 
 
Weed Management:
Organic weed control is an approach to weed removal and prevention that does not involve the use of synthetic 
  chemicals and weed killers. Some organic weed control   strategies are cultural and mechanical methods, focusing
   on prevention, crop rotation, and cultivation
 
.
Livestock:
Livestock on an organic farm plays the main role in Nutrient cycling a process in which nutrients are returned to
   the soil through manure & compost. Amending soils   with animal manures can increase microbial biomass, enzymatic 
   activity & alter the structure of the microbial community.